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Detailed record for Royal 20 D I
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| Title |
Histoire ancienne jusqu'à César, part 3 of the second redaction |
| Origin |
Italy, S. (Naples) |
| Date |
2nd quarter of the 14th century |
| Language |
French |
| Script |
Gothic |
| Decoration |
4 full page miniatures in colours, silver, and gold, damaged (ff. 26v, 67, 154, 169). 297 miniatures in colours, some in colours and gold, in the lower margins. 2 small miniatures in colours, integrated in columns of the text (ff. 163v, 191). Numerous instructions to illuminators in French (ff. 33, 47, 50v, 53, 58, 60, 62v, 75v, 79, 82v, 99v, 102v, 106, 117, 123v, 134, 139v, 141v, 144, 145v, 146, 148, 148v, 149v, 150v, 154, 156, 159v, 161, 165v-167, 169, 172, 174, 175v-177, 178v, 179, 192, 193v, 246, 248-249, 257v-259, 260, 263v, 267v, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 279, 279v, 280v, 281, 282, 283v-185, 290, 291, 296-298, 299v, 300v, 304, 305, 307v, 311, 314, 315, 317, 319, 320, 323v, 324v, 321, 330v, 332, 334v, 335v, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341), some with space left for miniatures (ff. 246v, 249v, 250, 252-254v, 255v, 256v-257, 259v, 261, 263, 264v, 266, 269v, 273v, 274v, 282v, 308v, 311v). Historiated (ff. 27, 38v, 82v, 86v, 93, 104v, 109v, 117v, 125v, 130v, 134v, 138v, 140, 141, 143v, 145, 149v, 153v, 155v, 156, 158, 172, 191, 194, 223v, 344) or ornamental initials in colours and gold, at the beginning of books. Initials in blue with red pen-flourishing or in red with purple pen-flourishing. |
| Dimensions in mm |
335 x 235 (215 x 140) |
| Official foliation |
ff. i + 363 (+ 3 unfoliated medieval parchment flyleaves at the beginning and at the end; f. i is a medieval parchment flyleaf) |
| Form |
Parchment codex |
| Binding |
BM/BL in-house. Gilt edges. |
| Provenance |
A member of the Anjou family of Naples (perhaps Robert of Anjou (b. 1277, d. 1343), king of Naples and titular king of Jerusalem): the arms of Anjou, Anjou-Naples, Anjou-Hungary, and Anjou quartered with Provence, assigned to Greek heroes in the miniatures (e.g., ff. 21v, 35, 35v, 88), with the modified arms of Jerusalem (f. 138v).
Charles V (b. 1338, d. 1380), king of France: to be identified with the 'Dez faiz de Troye, des Roumains, de Thèbes, de Alexandre le Grant, hystorié au commencement, escript de lettre boulenoise, et sont les ystoires par les marges très anciennes' listed in the catalogue of his Louvre library composed after his death in 1380, no. 93 (see Léopold Delisle, Recherches sur la Librairie de Charles V, 2 vols (Paris: Champion, 1907), II, no 1211).
Charles VI, king of France: inherited by him with the Louvre Library; a note in the catalogue of 1380 recording a withdrawal of the manuscript by the king before his pilgrimage to Mont Saint-Michel, c. 1393-1394, 'Le roy le print quant il ala au Mont Saint Michel' (See Avril 1969).
Jean of Valois, (b. 1340, d.1416), duke of Berry: included in the inventory of his library of 1413, no. 61: 'Item un livre des Histoires de Troye, d'Alixandre et des mains, ouquel fault le commancement, lequel fut du roy, et au commancement du secont feuillet a escript: et fait; et est couvert de cuir vert, fermant à deux fermouers de laton' (See Delisle, 1907, II, no 226).
Renaut (or Regnault) du Montet, Parisian libraire, probably responsible for supervising the production of the copy of Royal 20 D I, identified with Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fr. 301: a note recording of a missing quire in his possession that was given to the Parisian illuminator Perrin Remiet (or Remy), active 1368, or c. 1396-1420 : 'Ci faut le secomt cayer que maistre Renaut doit avoir, qui fut baille / a Perrin Remiet po[ur] faire lenluminure de lautre cayer', (f. 8); probably to be identified with the Neapolitan manuscript copied for Jean, duke of Berry, for which Bureau de Dampmartin, duke's agent, paid an unnamed libraire in 1402 (see Rouse 2000, I).
List of contents, 15th century (f. i verso).
Inscribed: 'Viue le roy noble Henry / O misericordia of the Taxe', 15th century (f. i).
The Old Royal Library (the English Royal Library): probably to be identified with 'La destruction de Thebes' included in the list of books at Richmond Palace of 1535, no. 104; and in the catalogue of 1666, Royal Appendix 71, f. 11.
Presented to the British Museum by George II in 1757 as part of the Old Royal Library. |
| Notes |
This manuscript contains the second redaction of the text, probably produced in the 14th century and the Roman de Troie is the Prose 5 version (see Jung 1996, pp. 440, 506). The revision did not achieve the popularity of the original text (which survives in around seventy manuscripts), and is now preserved in only thirteen manuscripts.
It is drawn from a variety of sources, covering ancient history from Thebes in the time of Oedipus to Rome in the time of Pompey. This is the earliest surviving copy of this second redaction of 'Histoire ancienne jusq'à César', which focuses on Troy, eliminating the biblical histories and the history of Alexander. It preserves the sections dedicated to Thebes, the Greeks and Amazons, Aeneas, Rome, and the Persians.
Following the Italian fashion the illustrations are in the lower margin rather than integrated in the text.
The direct copies of Royal 20 D I, produced in France, are: Paris, Bibliothèque nationale fr. 301, and Stowe 54. Paris fr. 301was probably illuminated by Perrin Remiet (the 1st painter, according to Avril 1969) and includes four miniatures (ff. 25, 59, 134v, 147) copied from Royal 20 D I (ff. 26v, 67, 154, 169).
Catchwords and bifolium signatures. Correction sign 'cor xxvii' (f. 254v).
According to Sagesse (2010), the four full-page miniatures might have been painted by the Neapolitan, Christophoro Orimina. |
| Select bibliography |
P. Meyer, 'Les premières compilations françaises d'histoire ancienne', Romania, 14 (1885), 36-81 (p. 50).
H. Omont, 'Les manuscrits français des rois d'Angleterre au château de Richmond', in Etudes romanes dédiés à Gaston Paris (Paris: É. Bouillon, 1891), pp. 1-13 (p. 11).
George F. Warner and Julius P. Gilson, Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and King’s Collections, 4 vols (London: British Museum, 1921), II, pp. 375-77.
Fritz Saxl and Hans Meier, Catalogue of Astrological and Mythological Illuminated Manuscripts of the Latin Middle Ages, 4 vols (London: The Warburg Institute, 1953), III: Manuscripts in English Libraries, pp. 223-42.
Fritz Saxl, 'The Troy Romance in French and Italian Art', in Lectures, 2 vols (London: Warburg Institute, 1957), I, pp. 125-38 (pp. 135-36).
Robert L. Wyss, Dei Caesarteppiche und ihr ikonographiches Verhältnis zur Illustration der 'Faits des Romains' im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert (Bern: K. J. Wyss, 1957), p. 61.
François Avril, 'Trois Manuscrits Napolitains des Collections de Charles V et de Jean de Berry', Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 127 (1969), 291-328 (p. 295 n. 3, 300-07, 309, 311-14).
Hugo Buchthal, Historia Troiana: Studies in the History of Mediaeval Secular Illustration (London: The Warburg Institute, 1971), pp. 16, 30, 33, 36, 39, 41.
Jaroslav Folda, Crusader Manuscript Illumination at Saint-Jean d'Acre, 1275-1291 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 142, n. 114.
Bernhard Degenhart and Annegrit Schmitt, 'Frühe angiovinische Buchkunst in Neapel', in Festschrift Wolfgang Braunfels, ed. by Friedrich Piel and Jörg Träger (Tübingen: Wasmuth, 1977), pp. 71-92 (pp. 71, 88, n. 2).
Patrick de Winter, 'Copistes, éditeurs et enlumineurs de la fin du XIVe siècle: La production à Paris de manuscrit à miniatures', in Actes des 100e congrès national des Sociétés Savantes, Paris 1975 (Paris 1978) 173-98 (p. 176, n. 2).
Janet Backhouse, The Illuminated Manuscript (Oxford: Phaidon, 1979), pl. 45.
Bernhard Degenhart and Annegrit Schmitt, Corpus der Italienischen Zeichnungen 1300-1450, part 2 in two volumes (Berlin: Gerb. Mann, 1980), II, p. 279.
Clem C. Williams, 'A case of Mistaken Identity: Still Another Trojan Narrative in Old French Prose', Medium Aevum, 53 (1984) 59-72 (pp. 60, 61, 62).
François Avril, 'Un atelier 'picard' à la cour Angevins de Naples', in 'Nobile claret opus': Festgabe für Frau Prof. Dr. Ellen Judith Beer zum 60. Geburstag, Zeitschrift für Schweizerishe Archäologie und Kunstgeschichte, 43 (1986), pp. 76-85 (p. 76, fig. 2).
Fake? The Art of Deception, ed. by Mark Jones, Paul Craddock, and Nicolas Barker (London: British Museum, 1990), no. 37 [exhibition catalogue].
Jonathan J. G. Alexander, Medieval Illuminators and their Methods of Work (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), pp. 50 n. 85, 135, fig. 231.
Scot McKendrick, 'La vraye histoire de Troye la grant': Truth and Romance in the Late Medieval Story of Troy in Literature and Art', in Why fakes matter: essays on problems of authenticity, ed. by Mark Jones (London: British Museum Press, 1992), pp. 71-87 (p. 73, fig. 2).
Marc-René Jung, La Légende de Troie en France au moyen age (Basel & Tubingen: Francke Verlag, 1996), pp. 347, 355, 499, 505, 506, 509-26.
The Mythical Quest: In Search of Adventure, Romance and Enlightenment, intro. by Penelope Lively (London: British Library, 1996), pls on pp. 9, 14.
Janet Backhouse, The Illuminated Page: Ten Centuries of Manuscript Painting in the British Library (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997), no. 97.
Jane Chance, 'Mostra - naturalità distorte: Bertram dal Bornio, Ecuba', in I mostra nell'inferno dantesco: Tradizione e simbologia, Atti del XXXIII Convegno Storico Internazionale, Todi 13-16 ottobre 1996 (Spoleto: Centro Italiano di Studi Sull'Alto Medioevo, 1997), pp. 235-76 (p. 236, fig. 2).
Histoire Ancienne jusqu'a César (Estoires Roger), ed. by Marijke de Visser-van Terwisga, 2 vols (Orleans: Paradigme, 1999), vol 1 [an edition of the text], vol 2, pp. 14, 22, n. 72, 73.
The Libraries of King Henry VIII, ed. by J. P. Carley, Corpus of British Medieval Library Catalogues, 7 (London: The British Library, 2000), H1.94.
Richard H. Rouse and Mary A. Rouse, Manuscripts and Their Makers: Commercial Book Producers in Medieval Paris 1200-1500, 2 vols (Turnhout: Harvey Miller, 2000), I, pp. 293-96, 402 n. 66; II, pp. 115, 124.
Christopher de Hamel, The British Library Guide to Manuscript Illumination: History and Techniques (London: British Library, 2001), pl. 42.
Alessandra Perriccioli Saggese, 'L’Enluminure á Naples au temps des Anjou (1266 - 1350)', in L’Europe des Anjou: Aventure des princes angevins du XIIIe au XVe siècle, ed. by Francesco Aceto et al. (Paris: Somogy, 2001), pp. 123-33 (p. 127).
Paris 1400: Les arts sous Charles VI (Paris: Réunion des musées nationaux, 2004), pp. 206, 268, fig. 55 on p. 206 [exhibition catalogue].
Alessandra Perriccioli Saggese, 'Cristophoro Orimina: An Illuminator at the Court of Naples', in The Anjou Bible: A Royal Manuscript Revealed, Naples 1340, ed. by Lieve Watteeuw and Jan Van der Stock (Paris: Peeters, 2010), pp. 113-25.
Elizabeth Morrison and Anne D. Hedeman, eds, Imagining the Past: History in Manuscript Painting 1250-1500 (Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2010), no. 50 [exhibition catalogue].
Scot McKendrick, John Lowden, and Kthleen Doyle, Royal Manuscripts: The Genius of Illumination (London: British Library, 2011), no. 135 [exhibition catalogue]. |
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f. 1
Infant Oedipus |
f. 2
Death of Laius |
f. 6
Tydeus and Polynices |
| |
f. 8
Tydeus |
f. 8v
Marginal note |
f. 8v
Marginal note |
| |
f. 10
Tydeus |
f. 11
Tydeus |
f. 12v
Adrastus |
| |
f. 15v
Adrastus |
f. 16v
Thebes |
f. 17
Jocasta |
| |
f. 17v
Tame tiger |
f. 18
Battle scene |
f. 18v
Car of Amphiaraus |
| |
f. 19v
Eteocles and Polynices |
f. 20v
Adrastus and Theseus |
f. 21
Theseus |
| |
f. 21v
Battle |
f. 22
Minotaur |
f. 22v
Battle scene |
| |
f. 23v
Battle scene |
f. 24v
Hercules |
f. 25v
Hercules and the Queen of the Amazons |
| |
f. 26
Hercules and the giant |
f. 26v
Troy, Rome, Contantinople, and Galatea |
f. 27
The Sphinx slain |
| |
f. 33v
Jason |
f. 34v
Expedition against Troy |
f. 34v
Expedition against Troy |
| |
f. 35
Troy |
f. 35v
Battle |
f. 35v
Battle |
| |
f. 36
Troy |
f. 37v
Medea |
f. 37v
Medea |
| |
f. 38
Hercules |
f. 38
Hercules |
f. 38v
Historiated initial |
| |
f. 41
Rebuilding of Troy |
f. 41
Rebuilding of Troy |
f. 46v
Palladium |
| |
f. 47
Voyage of Paris |
f. 49v
Paris and Helen |
f. 50v
Helen |
| |
f. 52v
Priam, Hecuba, Paris and Helen |
f. 58
Greek ships |
f. 60
Siege of Lyrnessus |
| |
f. 60v
Siege of Tenedos |
f. 61v
Ulysses and Diomedes |
f. 62v
Teuthras |
| |
f. 66v
Flotilla of ships |
f. 66v
Flotilla of ships |
f. 67
Scenes in Troy |
| |
f. 69v
Agamemnon |
f. 70
Troy |
f. 72v
Death of Patroclus |
| |
f. 73
Corpse of Patroclus |
f. 74v
Hector |
f. 75v
Le curre de Fion |
| |
f. 77v
Thoas and Hector |
f. 78v
Hector killing Meriones |
f. 79
Truce |
| |
f. 82v
Palace of Priam |
f. 83
Hector and Achilles |
f. 83v
Hector |
| |
f. 87
Agamemnon rescued by Achilles |
f. 88
Paris |
f. 88v
Thoas, Achilles, and Hector |
| |
f. 89v
Priam's palace |
f. 94v
Centaur-archer |
f. 95
Capture of Antenor |
| |
f. 98v
Battle scene |
f. 101v
Cressida |
f. 102v
Calcas |
| |
f. 105
Hector |
f. 105v
Hector |
f. 106
Hector and Achilles |
| |
f. 106v
Cressida |
f. 107
Troilus |
f. 108
Hector |
| |
f. 111
Battle scene |
f. 111v
Troilus and Diomedes |
f. 112
Battle scene |
| |
f. 113
Hector and Achilles |
f. 114
Hector |
f. 114v
Lament for Hector |
| |
f. 117
Dispute of Palamedes and Agamemnon |
f. 117
Dispute of Palamedes and Agamemnon |
f. 117v
Priam |
| |
f. 118
Sarpedon killing Neoptolemus |
f. 120
Agamemnon |
f. 121
Hector |
| |
f. 122v
Hecuba and Priam |
f. 123v
Le parlement dachilles |
f. 126
Deiphobus |
| |
f. 126v
Deiphobus |
f. 127
Death of Palamedes |
f. 127
Death of Palamedes |
| |
f. 127v
Burning of ships |
f. 128
Achilles and Deiphobus |
f. 130v
Trojans |
| |
f. 131
Battle scene |
f. 131v
Nestor, Diomedes and Ulysses appealing to Achilles |
f. 134
Council of the Greeks |
| |
f. 134v
Historiated initial |
f. 135
Diomedes |
f. 135v
Battle scene |
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f. 136
Diomedes and Cressida |
f. 138v
Agamemnon, Nestor, and Achilles |
f. 139
Troilus |
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f. 139v
Troilus |
f. 140v
Battle scene |
f. 141
Battle scene |
| |
f. 141v
Battle scene |
f. 142
Achilles and Troilus |
f. 144
Death of Troilus |
| |
f. 144v
Achilles and Memnon |
f. 145
Death of Memnon |
f. 145v
Hecuba mourning over Troilus |
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f. 145v
Hecuba mourning over Troilus |
f. 146
Troilus and Memnon |
f. 148
Achilles and Antilogus |
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f. 148v
Mourning for Achilles |
f. 149v
Trojans |
f. 150
Paris |
| |
f. 150v
Death of Paris |
f. 151
Mourning for Paris |
f. 151v
Mourning for Paris |
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f. 153
Priam meeting Penthesilia |
f. 154
Troy |
f. 155v
Battle scene |
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f. 156
Pyrrhus |
f. 156v
Pyrrhus |
f. 157
Penthesiliea |
| |
f. 158v
Prowess of Ortia |
f. 159
Orian and Pyrrhus |
f. 159
Council of the Greeks |
| |
f. 161
Plots and councils in Troy |
f. 162
Antenor |
f. 163v
Wheel of Fortune |
| |
f. 164
Grief of Priam |
f. 165v
Trojan sacrifices |
f. 166
Theft of the Palladium |
| |
f. 166v
Philimenes and Penthesilea |
f. 167
Oaths |
f. 167
Oaths |
| |
f. 167v
Horse of Troy |
f. 168
Burning of the Greek camp |
f. 168
Burning of the Greek camp |
| |
f. 168v
Return of the Greeks |
f. 168v
Return of the Greeks |
f. 169
The Sack of Troy |
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f. 170v
Trojan captives |
f. 171
Finding of Polyxena |
f. 172
Deaths of Polyxena and Hecuba |
| |
f. 174
Death of Ajax |
f. 176v
Ships |
ff. 176v-177
Shipwreck of Ajax Oileus |
| |
f. 177
Shipwreck |
f. 178v
Nauplius |
f. 179
Deaths of Assandrus and Agamemnon |
| |
f. 180
Diomedes and Aegiale |
f. 180v
Death of Clytemnestra |
f. 181
Return of Menelaus and Helen |
| |
f. 181v
Ulysses |
f. 185
Ulysses |
f. 185v
Pyrrhus |
| |
f. 186v
Pyrrhus |
f. 187
Pyrrhus |
f. 188v
Pyrrhus |
| |
f. 189v
Telemachus |
f. 190
Telegonus and Ulysses |
f. 190v
Ulysses |
| |
f. 191v
Landomacha |
f. 192
Calchas and Menelaus |
f. 192v
Landromacha |
| |
f. 193
Landromacha |
f. 193v
Landromacha |
f. 194
Aeneas |
| |
f. 196v
Aeneas |
f. 197
Dido and Aeneas |
f. 199
Suicide of Dido |
| |
f. 200v
Aegesta |
f. 201
Slaying the Minotaur |
f. 201
Slaying the Minotaur |
| |
f. 202
Etiam mensas consumimus |
f. 202v
Lavinium |
f. 203
Text page |
| |
f. 205
Turnus |
f. 205
Turnus |
f. 206
Nisus and Euryalus |
| |
f. 206v
Nisus and Volscens |
f. 209v
Turnus and Camilla |
f. 210
Death of Camilla |
| |
f. 211v
Battle scene |
f. 212
Battle scene |
f. 212v
Death of Turnus |
| |
f. 215
Infant Cyrus |
f. 216
Persians |
f. 217v
Cyrus |
| |
f. 218v
Cyrus |
f. 219v
Battle with Amazons |
f. 222v
Battle of Salamis |
| |
f. 223
Battle of Plataea |
f. 224
Exposure of Romulus and Remus |
f. 225
Building of Rome |
| |
f. 225v
Rape of the Sabines |
f. 227
Battle with the Sabines |
f. 231v
Battle with the Tarquins |
| |
f. 232v
Coriolanus |
f. 233v
Fabii |
f. 233v
Fabii |
| |
f. 235
Death of Virginia |
f. 235
Death of Virginia |
f. 236v
Battle with Brenus |
| |
f. 237
Gauls in Rome |
f. 239v
Curtius |
f. 240v
Torquatus and the Gaul |
| |
f. 242
Corvinus and the Gaul |
f. 244v
Battle with Samnites |
f. 244v
Battle with the Samnites |
| |
f. 246
Theatre at Tarentum |
f. 247v
Pyrrhus and elephants |
f. 248v
Pyrrhus |
| |
f. 249
Elephants |
f. 251
Battle with the Carthaginians |
f. 251
Battle with the Carthaginians |
| |
f. 257v
Romans |
f. 258
Naval battle |
f. 258
Naval battle |
| |
f. 263v
Naval battle |
f. 264
Naval battle |
f. 267v
Death of Hamilcar |
| |
f. 269
Defeat of the Gauls |
f. 270v
Hannibal |
f. 271
Siege of Sagantum |
| |
f. 272
Taking of Saguntum |
f. 272
Taking of Saguntum |
f. 273
Hannibal |
| |
f. 273
Hannibal |
f. 274
Battle of the Ticinus |
f. 275v
Sufferings of the Carthaginians |
| |
f. 275v
Sufferings of the Carthaginians |
f. 276
Battle of Trasimenus |
f. 277
Battle of Cannae |
| |
f. 279
Battle of Nola |
f. 279v
Defeat of the Hasdrubal |
f. 280v
Hannibal |
| |
f. 281
Storm |
f. 282
Hannibal |
f. 283v
Marroc |
| |
f. 284
Battle of Baecula |
f. 284v
Capture of Tarentum |
f. 285
Battle and siege |
| |
f. 285
Battle and siege |
f. 286
Battle of Metaurus |
f. 288
Scipio |
| |
f. 290
Hannibal and Scipio |
f. 291
Battle of Zama |
f. 296
Glabrio defeating Antiochus |
| |
f. 297
Hannibal |
f. 297v
Hannibal |
f. 299v
Battle of Pydna |
| |
f. 300v
Triumph of Aemilius Paulus |
f. 302v
Scipio Africanus |
f. 304
Carthage |
| |
f. 305
Siege of Carthage |
f. 305
Siege of Carthage |
f. 306
Siege of Carthage |
| |
f. 306
Siege of Carthage |
f. 306v
Burning of Carthage |
f. 307v
Siege of Corinth |
| |
f. 309
Appius Claudius Pulcher |
f. 311
Battle of Mancinus |
f. 314
Battle of Scipio |
| |
f. 315
Battle of Scipio |
f. 316v
Sortie from Numantia |
f. 317
Burning of Numantia |
| |
f. 319
Taking of a castle |
f. 319
Taking of a castle |
f. 320
P. Crassus and Aristonicus |
| |
f. 323v
Carage |
f. 324v
C. Gracchus |
f. 327
Marcius Rex |
| |
f. 330v
Battle with Jugurtha |
f. 332
Triumph of Marius |
f. 334v
Defeat of Caepio |
| |
f. 335v
Aquae Sextiae |
f. 336
Women of Teutones |
f. 336
Women of Teutones |
| |
f. 337
Cimbrian women |
f. 338
Satuminus |
f. 340
Samnium |
| |
f. 341
Siege of Asculum |
f. 342v
Sulpicius Rufus |
f. 343v
Battle |
| |
f. 345v
Sertorius and Octavius |
f. 347
Sulla |
f. 347v
Marius the Younger |
| |
f. 347v
Marius the Younger |
f. 348v
Pompeius |
f. 349v
Pompeius and Sertorius |
| |
f. 351
Siege in Spain |
f. 354
Defeat of Archelaus |
f. 356
Lucullus' messenger |
| |
f. 357
Varius |
f. 357
Varius |
f. 358
Pompeius |
| |
f. 359
Mithridates |
f. 361
Mithridates |
f. 361v
City in Syria |
| |
f. 362v
Pompeius in Jerusalem |
f. 363
Triumph of Pompeius |
f. 396v
Hannibal |
| |
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