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  • Beginning of Exodus with a large panel containing the initial word of the book. This causes large blank spaces in the right and left columns parallel to the area where the panel has been decorated, Pentateuch, Harley MS 1861, Hebrew Manuscripts Digitisation Project, British Library

    Abraham's Pentateuch and Rashi

    Manuscript Created date: 1325-1349 CE

    Besides the Five Books of Moses, this 14th-century CE manuscript includes the standard Aramaic translation – Targum Onke...

  • Hilkhot evel, Mahzor Vitry, Add MS 27200, Hebrew Manuscripts Digitisation Project, British Library

    Mahzor Vitry

    Manuscript Created date: 1242–1299 CE

    Jews have used prayer books in the synagogue communal services since early medieval times. One of the most significant l...

  • Pentateuch folio with commentry in a column to the left hand edge of the page

    Pentateuch with a commentary by Rashi

    Manuscript Created date: c. 1350–1399

    A 14th-century codex of the Pentateuch, complete with Rashi’s commentary. Why is Rashi’s commentary important? Rashi, a...

  • Beginning of Genesis, with the Targum in the right column and Rashi’s commentary in the left column, and upper and lower margins, Pentateuch, Harley MS 5709, Hebrew Manuscripts Digitisation Project, British Library

    Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary and Targum Onke...

    Manuscript Created date: 1300-1340 CE

    The earliest surviving glossed Bibles from Ashkenaz (Franco-German lands) date from the 13th century CE. They show an or...

  • Beginning of Deuteronomy with the Hebrew text, the Targum, and Rashi clearly differentiated and hierarchised, Pentateuch, Add MS 26878, Hebrew Manuscripts Digitisation Project, British Library

    Pentateuch with Targum Onkelos and Rashi's comment...

    Manuscript, Illustration Created date: 1360-1399 CE

    The earliest surviving glossed Bibles from Ashkenaz (Franco-German lands) date from the 13th century CE. They show an or...

  • Beginning of Genesis containing, in addition to the typical texts of the Ashkenazi glossed Bible, the commentary by Abraham ibn Ezra copied in the outer margins of the page, Pentateuch, Harley MS 5772, Hebrew Manuscripts Digitisation Project, British Library

    Pentateuch with the commentary of Rashi

    Manuscript Created date: 15th century CE

    The earliest surviving glossed Bibles from Ashkenaz (Franco-German lands) date from the 13th century CE. They show an or...

  • Beginning of the book of Kings in a 13th-century Ashkenazi glossed Bible, with parallel columns containing the Targum and Rashi’s commentary in geometrical shape, Nevi'im, Add MS 26879, Hebrew Manuscripts Digitisation Project, British Library

    The Former and Latter Prophets

    Manuscript, Illustration Created date: 13th century CE

    This 13th-century CE biblical codex (bound, handwritten book) was most probably copied in France by a scribe named Yehud...