Magna Carta

Magna Carta becomes, if you like, the white noise of political discourse throughout the 17^th century. At the start of that century, figures like Sir Edward Coke, great constitutional lawyers, use it in very technical battles between the common law rights of the individual and the king’s tyrannical prerogative. By the end of the century having passed through the turbulence of revolution where Magna Carta has been used to justify powerful and sometimes very dangerous resistance to all forms of authority, Magna Carta has become, if you like, the statute that underpins the ancient constitution and the legitimacy of proper government in the UK.

Magna Carta was used by the Parliamentarians who were struggling against the Stuart kings who believed that they had absolute power. After James died, Charles I came to power and he believed that he had utter and absolute power and when Parliament reached for Magna Carta and took their stand on Magna Carta there are limits to your power they said to the king and they forced the king initially to agree to the Petition of Right, later the Declaration of Right, which encapsulated Magna Carta, it brought back Magna Carta out of real obscurity.

Sir Edward Coke is really responsible for turning what was a rather dull mainstream legal document into a text that justified resistance against the tyrannous use of prerogative by first James I and then Charles I. And the essential argument was that Magna Carta protected the freedoms, the lives, and the estates of men, free men.

Magna Carta became real 400 years ago in 1628, in 1642 Magna Carta was the standard under which Parliament fought the Civil War and established the real liberties of the subject, the independence of the judiciary, an end of torture, abolishing Star Chamber and the king’s power to arrogate to himself the right to punish people. This was the legacy of Magna Carta, Magna Carta revived and reinterpreted.

I think over the course of the Long 17^th century Magna Carta changed from being a pretty technical elite constitutional legal document, very powerful, very important in the Inns of Court and even perhaps in Parliamentary terms, to a resource that all sorts of interest groups, whether they were marginal, economic, sort of poor people using Magna Carta to justify resisting paying taxes, or radical prophets. By the end of the 17^th century Magna Carta is such a public myth almost that if you want legitimacy in terms of public debate you have to anchor it to your project.